WOO IPOD TOUCH IS SO COOL, CAN POKEPOKEPOKE TURNTURN THEN SCROLL SCROLL HHAHAHAHAHHAH IPODDDYYYYYY! okay no more update. i go pack luggage. :D

WONG YUN LUM, IF YOU SEE THIS, START PACKING YOUR LUGGAGE DAMNIT. YOU'RE FLYING TOMORROW.

/edit
PICTURES!

omgawdo joakim gomez very tall and veryvery hot!





long overdue picture post! to make up for its lateness, these photos are all edited! albeit very shoddily. anyway, from the haircut at clippers, singapore tour, my house then vivo. enjoy! :D

i love rachie and xinyun! :D

and i love jingjing too!

as well as pangxueyao!

okaaay, no more photos for today. byebye blog!
this is my three hundred and third post! :D cool right. 303~ zoomzoom, don't really have much to blog about. ahh, dunno what to blog about. clearing up something that nicky pointed out, the previous post isn't an emo post! it's song lyrics kay. i'm getting over you by the click five from their modern minds and pastimes album. go listen! :D

NICKY IS A FATIST LOLOLOL.
and nicky, be proud. your name came up in this post for a total offff 3 times! :D
back from sakae sushi! i seriously think the buffet thing is more value for money but whatever, i'm not the one paying. :o haha, discussed about Perth over the sashimi and stuff. i should be getting a new iPod, but my dad wants me to research about the prices and places to buy them. :/ so people who actually know about these stuff, i'll be eternally grateful if you could inform me.

ahhhh, i have to go pack for Perth now. well, not exactly now but who cares. i have nothing to blog about! :o i'll post lyrics then, to make up for this short post.


WOO, CLICK FIVE RAWKZXORZX. they're my new favourite band kay.
the atmosphere at MoS was electrifying. :D i loved every single second of it. why couldn't it last longer? why am i so short? why didn't we get to be like right at the front and then we could have stared at them for the whole duration?
anyhoo, i bought the album plus poster to be able to get into the meet and greet session! best twenty bucks i ever spent okay. OMG i shook hands with them wtfffff. well, not all. kyle patrick didn't shake hands with me. i think the rest did, i forgot. i was basically running on autopilot by then. BUT OMG, I WANT TO GO AGAINNNN. D: next time i'mma gonna become famous and then meet them face to face as equals and stuff! lol, what a joke man. there goes amanda, hallucinating again.
ahhh, whatever. CLICK FIVE!<3
today's the day yayyy! :D i think this is gonna be a thank-y post because i wanna thank all the people who gave me stuff/said happy birthday! hopefully in correct chronological order. :s
jingying, thanks for the earrings! they're niceeee. :D
chaypioh, thanks for the little green bobbing head monkey! didn't think that you would actually go back and buy that lolll.
303 guys, thank you for that cute little doggie! i'm not sure who contributed, so i thank you guys in general kay. :D
zhengyang, vivian and jacky, thank you for the cute little devil paper holder thing! now i can hold all my loose sheets of paper yay. :D
debbie and yuxuan, thanks for the pink princess cushion lol! :D it's cute and furry and cuddly~
sally, chao, nicky and kueirong, thank you for the pandaaa! i named her lingling LOL. >D it's cute wheeee.
jingjing, wooooo furry little doggie. thankyouthankyou! you said happybirthday the most times too! looool. :D
rachel and shaoan, thankkk you sososo much for the cute tee! i'mma gonna wear to perth kay. then i'll take photo and show you proof. :D and rachelll iloveyoutoo kaykaykay and YES, BBQ! :D
xinyun, roanna and presley? thanks for the gorgeous hoodie! i love it i love it i love it! :D to think that i was thinking about buying a hoodie too, you guys read my mind lah. :D thaaaaanks. :D
cherngyew for treating me to chicky rice! :D your present filled my stomach yay. :D
last but not least, weiqing, yunlum, jasmin and nicky for the CLICKFIVE TICKETS. seriously, best birthday present ever. :D love you guys.

people who wrote in the sexysexy bigbigbigbig card;
sally, xinyun, pokai, shaoan, roanna&presley, rachel!, yuxuan, zhengyang, nicholas, jing, debbie, kueirong, sean, chaohsien, jiahao, yongle, junwee, kelvin and bryon!!!! :D
and sean and xinyun for giving me another card! :D

and alsoooo, khengleng, tyt, brandon, peixuan, eugene, xavier, weichong, raymond, ruiqi and i think no more. thank all of you guys for making me happy on my birthday! :D:D

hahaha, amanda is in a tres hyper mood, now i have to go find places to put my sexaye presents. might edit post after clickfiveshowcase. :DD
one more day to BURFDAY and one more day to CLICKFIVE!
thankyou to the 10 people who wished me happybirthday in advance! shenyong, layching, bryanho, daniel, nicholas seah, minghe, xinyi, maylynn, jingru and yeeching! i THINK it's in order. i'm not that sure. :S
blargh, my iTunes doesn't wanna load. smack it upside down. blargh, my dad hasn't replied me about iPod, WHAT IF I HAVE NO MUSIC DURING PERTH TRIP. T_T

anyhoo, wednesday is today! today is wednesday! vivian and i spent our morning in the staff room helping missloy with some administrative matters. but it was funn, cause we got to enjoy the aircon. :D some teacher was like bitching to another teacher about their class, and they were like broadcasting it to the WHOLE staffroom lah. i mean, you bushuang your class also don't need to embarass them like that what. :/

higher chinese workshop after recess. two straight hours of higher chinese wtf? the only good thing about it was that it was in AVA1, therefore, aircon. made me sleepy but i couldn't sleep, no idea why. so stoned+attempted to sleep for two hours. then llf still hold us back, don't wanna let us go. wth, she good.

so, after school went to Pastamania with vivian, kueirong, zhengyang, sean, chaypioh, xinyun, jingjing, rachel, shaoan and yuxuan! went to the one at Bukit Batok. influenced sean, chaypioh and vivian to eat baked rice. >D and yuxuan unknowingly bought baked rice too. hahahahaaaaaaaa~

then somehow when eating, we decided that chaypioh is my best friend. vivian is our better friend. kueirong is our good friend. zhengyang is our gooder friend. sean is our bester friend and yuxuan dunno why become our lose friend. loooool. it was fun lurh. :D

after eating at Pastamania, went to find clothes! and i found nice shorts. :D 25 bucks for shorts and belt yay. originally wanted to buy the same shorts as vivian, but in the end she never buy. D: rachie and xinyun bought a tubeee braaaaa thing. :D

zoomzoom, went to find the guys at Comic Connection. then rachel, shaoan and xinyun left! then sean left to pei xinyun. so chaypioh went to buy my present LOL. then we went to popular seesee~ i bought a book. :D it seems nice kay. i'mma book lover yay.

then after that, walked around, went to see Zinc and Yellow. then nothing to do, so go see Bossini then go home! and now i'mma gonna spam clickfive songs. so that i'll memorise them all by tomorrow. byebye! :D
OMG, HOW COOL IS THIS; WEIQING WON THE CLICK FIVE TIX. WTFWTFWTF? OMGOOOOOOOOOSE.
hahahaha, it's damn cool lah! :D underage parteh at MOS woo!
hmm, today was a okay day i guess. went to the Arena with nicky, cherhan, jieqiang and raymonddddd!
played pool from 1 to like 4? haha, it was fun~ i wanna play more pool~
errrrrrrrrrrr, i forgot what i wanted to blog about. :S
haha, whatever, shall stop blogging.
tomorrow is PASTAMANIA TIME~
hohohoh, back from tyt's house! the nice cab driver suddenly gave me a 70cents discount for nothing. coolio. :D
so, in order of the day thing.
the dialogue(?) session was boring. i fell asleep halfway during the councillor part. :S but mr foo's farny. he makes people lol.
thenn, go eat recess. i ateeeeee chinese wok today! nobody was queueing up for chinese wok omgawdo~
and after that was PHYSICS SPA, i think i did stuff wrongly. :S but it's okay i guess, since only tested on skill2.
classactivities was spent dicussing with vivian about PERTHHHH TRIPPPPP. did anyone realise we have around ONE week to prepare? :o
omgomgomg, speaking about Perth. I CAN'T WAIT TO GO TO PERTHHHHH.
and after school, went to find tyt. then blahblahblah, go her house design np tee! designed for very long. D: i think i didn't help much lmao. sorry tyt.

anyway, busybusy week! apparently, dragon boating is cancelled. which is very "AWWWW"-ish. cause i wanted to dragonboat!
budden still have my birthday, sushi buffet, pastamania and seoul garden. notice like 3/4 of the activities planned are with regards to food. omg i'mma pig.
hahahaha, okay, the pig has to go read bleach. buhbye.

/edit
OMFG~ SORRY~ I FORGOT TO PUT MAYBE KBOX~ JING DON'T ANGRY~ LALALA~



OHHHMYYYYGGGAAAAAWDDDDDD SOOOOO COOL.
came back from my uncle's house and GUESS WHAT? my dad might be getting me an iPhone! how cool is that?
i want iPhone! but thinking about it, storage space of an iPhone compared to an iPod is like blergh.
apparently, iPhone costs around like 7xx while iPod costs like 5xx. not very sure, but that's what my uncle said. :o
so the price of the iPhone is okay butbutbutbut storage space! big problem. damn.
BUT STILL, iPHONE SO COOL OMGAWDOOOOO.
okay, i go fantasise about iPhone. byebye.
EEPPP, i have been neglecting my blog so very much! and to make it up for me, i shall try to blog a long post about friday and saturday. :D

friday;
school was as usual. we had chem spa! which i thought was quite okay, budden hoongjia came running up to me during lunch and spammed "EH, YOU GOT WHITEGLOW RIGHT, WHITEGLOW! WHITEGLOW MORE VALUE FOR MONEY." then i was like, "WTF, NOT SUPERWHITE MEH?!" then he laughed at me. and they all say it's whiteglow. ;o damnit. to think i was so happy cause when i asked vivian, she said she got superwhite too. :O
omg, vivian and i = gg. D:

OHHH, and jesselim was invigilating our class. scary much? she started screaming at a gang of people for running past the labs. :s then my hand was like trembling throughout the spa lah! i did the drop by drop thing quite okay, budden when jesselim came over, i tio pressurized then i press damn hard on the clip. so in the end it wasn't drop by drop at all, then i think i got marked down. T_T

after school, clique came to my house! originally, they wanted to go find job at vivo or something. then in the end, come my house play hohoho. so before that, stopped at a mama shop~ to buy stuff! i bought instant noodles while jasmin, yunlum and xueyao bought campbell soup. :o

reached my house, actually wanted to swim or something. but in the end everyone got distracted by the huang jing nian hua, and then my xbox! need for speed underground. :o they spammed that game that day. andddd, sharon damn funny. jasmin kept trying to distract her by singing Umbrella and some other song. then whenever jasmin started singing, sharon would burst out into laughter. looool.

so no swimming done! then some of them decided that they would come back to my house on sat to go swimminggggggggg~ i think they left around 6 or something. played comp for awhile, got tired of waiting for people to inhouse. -coughkiwicough- so in the end i slept around 9 or something. very OMGOOSEWTFWHYYOUSLEEPSOEARLY worthy. ;o

saturday;
HAPPY BIRTHDAY ONGKRRRRRRRR.
woke up around 7, went online and stoned. was supposed to go to seoul garden today with clique plus the 302 guys! so quite high. thennnn, around 9 plus, xueyao called me to tell me that clique coming my house to swimmmm woo. so they reached around 11 then we went to straight to swim cause they didn't want to waste time, and jasmin had to leave around 12.

swimming halfway then decided to call the guys. then kiwi was still sleeping wtf. so call weichong, boonbin, jieming and hoongjia. then jieming and hoongjia totally dunno anything about seoul garden wtfffff. kiwi supposed to tell them. D: smack kiwi. then 12 plus, kiwi called back. he just woke up. ._. omfgggg okay, then turns out he told boonbin to tell them or something. so putting aside this very confusing thing, we managed to settle on meet at 2 at city hall mrt.

so by then yunlum arrived, then jasmin, weiqing and i went up to bathe first. falalala, while i was bathing, wanzheng came! wheeee, then dunno why suddenly say hoongjia and boonbin not going. so jasmin had to leave for CIP. then wanzheng and weiqing were like persuading hoongjia on MSN.

in the end heck care, we just go on our own. on the mrt, zhiwei sms, say that boonbin and hoongjia not going blahblahblah. then in the end everyone not going. okay lor. D: then nicky also sms, say not going. D: so nvm, we were already outside, so decided to go to eat pastamania at harbourfront then go vivo. thenthenthen, weichong was nice though. he was already waiting at city hall at 2. ;o the only guy who bothered to turn up. T____T then xueyao was like, "weichong! ni shi hao rennn."

so ate pastamania, the baked rice RAWKS. and my garlic bread got koppedkoppedkopped awayyyy. took videos of people advertising for their food lmao. yunlum made me jealous with a pizza that only consists of cheese. D: wanzheng eats DAMN fast lol.

after pastamania, walked to vivo. wanted to catch the last breath, but nc16. then while xueyao and weichong contemplated whether they should fake their age, wanzheng, weiqing and yunlum went to buy icecream. sooo, in the end never watch any NC16 movie, bought tickets for Mr Woodcock instead. weiqing and yunlum went to window shop, so only wanzheng came back to find ussss.

then we went to see the doggies! :D omfg, the dogs were very cuteeee. especially the chihuahua, so small~ then that dog beside the chihuahua~ the one that xueyao liked, the brownbrownfurryfurrrycuddlycuddlylooking dog! there were two, and they were like wrestling each other over the chew toy. CUTEEEEE OKAAAAAY.

after that, we went to kan hai. stoned from 3 plus to around 5. took many photos! damn spastic lah. then otw to find yunlum and weiqing, still have the hui mou yi xiao picture LOL. then the sun was damn bright lah zomgwtfah. i think i'm gonna turn like 4 shades darker. D: damnit.

so found them at Zara. said byebye to them. then we went for our movie. advertisements were like half an hour long. :/ so nvm, long advertisements were expected. budden the movie itself was afjlkdjskfjsdlfkj. felt like sleeping. kinda wastes the 9.50 spent on it. so people, please don't go catch Mr Woodcock, it's not funny. it's not entertaining. its plot is boring at most. it just talks about a traumatized dude who used to be fat. and now he writes selfhelp books, WOW. :/

sooooo, after movie went to takeaway LJS food! then stoned at the kan hai place again. we stoned from 7 plus to around 10. then it was quite fun lah. just sitting there and talking. then xueyao keep ranting about teachers lol. weichong damn quiet. o_O then this uncle dude came to talk to us about PSLE scores and stuff. that uncle was damn entertaining lmfao. :o

so after stoning, amanda had to go home due to mom nagging. lalala. so went to the MRT station. originally wanted to take taxi, but in the end toooo long queue. so to the MRT we go! then xueyao took a different train from us, and her train arrived earlier. so we said byebye. then weichong and i stoned till our train came. it was damn crowded can. :s then i was squisheddddd. then weichong was nice and sent me to clementi! then i pei him wait until his train come. hohoho. i'mma nice too, see? :D then cabbed home. went to sleep~

sunday;
which is today! woke up quite late. going to cousin's house today. to celebrate the birthday of the 3yearold son and the birthday of the 1yearold son from the same uncle. blergh, i think i'mma gonna be bored. so i'mma gonna go download hp games. buhbye blog. :D


And like a bad movie, I'll drop a line
Fall in the grave I've been digging myself
But there's room for two
Six feet under the stars
blogging about yesterday! :D

first, met up with kueirong at JE mrt! then at JEC, we went to see 303peeps iceskating. thennnn, we were joined by vivian, zhaoming and zhengyang. so we went to book the room first. andddd we got room 71! yunlum came, then chaypioh, followed by sean. so we sangsangsangsangsang our hearts out~
it was fun lurh, we should go again. :D

so after that we went to arcade~ budden vivian and i got bored, so we went to take neoprints. omgoose, damn freaky la. vivian's face in the neoprints were like damnnnn white and stuff. freakyfreaky!
then in the end, chaypioh wanted to take neoprints too! so the 303peeps went to take~

by then, jing and yuxuan already joined us. but they didn't take neoprints! so they were boredboredboredddd. then xinzhi and khengleng were waiting for us at the mrtttt. so we walked there to meet them.

took mrt to marina! quite a long trip. haha, i forgot what we did otw there. :s so took the bus to the steamboat place then started to steamboat! hahaha funnnnnnnn, eckerene came after awhile! then i let eckerene eat the food that i cooked! :D she said it was niceeeee.

and the stupid prawns kept jumping all about. splash water all over my cooked food. T___T oh, and sally and chao joined after awhile too.

sooooo, stood for the entire duration okay! i own chaypioh! >D on a sidenote, i typed his name as chaypooh. LOL. ;o errrrr, didn't eat much. was having too much fun cooking lololol.

then eckerene had to go! so jing and i took photos with them. then said buhbye~ and around 9 plus, we all chionged home too!

yesterday was fun kay, i hope sean and eckerene enjoyed themselves. since it's their birthday today! and that steamboat thing was kinda to celebrate their birthday and stuff. :D i want more outings like this wheeee.

so, HAPPY BIRTHDAY SEAN AND ECKERENE. :D

In time or so I'm told
I'm just another soul for sale, oh well
The page is out of print
We are not permanent
We're temporary, temporary
Same old story
LOL WTF, I TOOK A LOOK AT MY PASSPORT PHOTO AND WENT;
WHO THE HELL IS THAT? DOESN'T LOOK ANYTHING LIKE MEEEEEE. D:

hahaha, briefing for Perth trip todaaay. whoots Perth!
before that went to Pizza Hut with clique.
damn funny, then when a mcfly song started to play, everyone was like singing along lah.
i miss the crazyness of clique. :D
dunno why i stopped spending time with them manzx, gonna stick to them like glueeee.
i mean, we only have one year left with each other! T_T

OIIII NICKY LIM BING YI YOU DON'T GIMME REPLY BY 9.30 I DON'T GO ALREADY DAMNIT.
bowling or pool or what or i don't know.
effing confusing. but it's okaaaay, celebrating sean's birthday tomorrow!
other then some, er, MINOR, complications, i think everything should run smoothly. :D

bitch. -.-
and wtf, i ranted to my mom about class things. i don't think she understands anything. lol.

/edit
people got confued with the sean's birthday thing and the bitch thing. i assure you, there's no link at all kay. :D bitch
HAPPY BIRTHDAY OLIVE AND JACKY!!
went out with jacky, jack and zhengyang today to celebrate jacky's birthday!
errr, vivo for movie and stuff.
bought tickets to Balls of Fury then went to LJS to eat.
i dropped my salsa cheese. T___T
lalala, eat then walked around.
played arcade for awhile.
went to the place outside the movie theatre then GOSSIP~
time for movie arrived! so we all went in.
laughedddd at the movie.
movie finished! wanted to go play lan, so we all made our way to PC bunk!
but PC bunk was invaded by manymany twits. :s playing maple/audition.
it's quite sad lah. PC bunk got invaded. >___>
so lazy find other lan shops, homed.
here blogging.

and i find that my posts are getting shorter and shorter!
hahaha, lazy pig i am~
anyhoo, buhbye blog. :D
WHY ARE THERE SUCH THINGS CALLED BROTHERS?
THEY ONLY EXIST TO RUIN YOUR LIFE.
I WANT TO BE AN ONLY CHILD DAMNIT.
STUPID IDIOTIC PIECE OF CRAP THAT I CAN'T EVEN BEAR TO LOOK AT CAUSE YOU BURNNN MY EYES.
EFF, I'M GOING TO XBOX NOW. BYEBYE.
DON'T TALK TO ME ON MSN, I WON'T BE THERE.
okay, nothing to blog about. but i must keep my blog alive.
soooo, explanation for the disappearance yesterday; i got banned from comp. whoopdeedoo. blame my idiotic fatass of a brother. got unbanned around 9pm? yeah, around there. before that i spammed XBOX. played until both hands went numb loll. but it's fun lurh, haven't really played the XBOX since my dad bought it.
anyhoo, today's sunday and amanda's bored. tomorrow's olive's and jacky's birthday! yaaay for them both. anddd, happy birthday to WEILIAT and JASMIN. sorry for the laggish response. i hope that we're going out tomorrrrowwwww. staying at home is borrrrrring.
andddd, OMG, it's happening again. ahaha, history's repeating itself. i wonder how things will turn out this time. ._.
HAHAHA. today was quite fun! cause i didn't get back any failed papers today!
social studies was a near miss, 25/50.
but other than that, i think i got 60 and above ba. hopefully that pulls up my average.

elainechng or however you spell her name is a sucky teacher okay. D:
she failed so many people in english wtf. and it's like, the points are there, just that she doesn't want to give you the mark. D:
HELLO, even ____ from ___ got ___/50. WTF MAN. there's no freaking way that that person can get so high.
then that elainechng marked the compo like so messily and stuff. i bet if miss rani marked our papers, almost half will get like 10 marks higher than the one elainechng gave us.
andandandandand, no one from our class got an A. damn idiotic. i want missrani to REMARK. D:

zoomzoom, thennnn did some THANKYOU TEACHERRRR thing today. quite funny. :o
played daidi in class for quite long. my gambling skills are gone! i miss 201! i still remember after exams, everyone would spam blackjack. hahaha, i remember tianquan used to play blackjack. then me, hoongjia, tianquan and jianhui would camp at a corner and keep playing.
dismissssss, thenthenthen LOL FARNYYYY. i effing hyper.
andandand, weiqing said AIYO damn loudly when we saw something. :o

AND LMFAO, WE SAW THIS DUDE COME OUT FROM THE PLACE WHERE THE FIREHOSE THING IS KEPT. THEN HE WAS TRYING TO ACT COOL AND STUFF, BUT WE SAW HIM THEN WE WTF?! AT HIM. AND HE JUST WALK AWAY. SO WE WENT TO CHECK WHAT WAS INSIDE, THEN THERE WERE LIKE TWO STACKS OF LIAN HE ZAO BAO. LMFAO, THENNNN I THINK HE HEARD US LAUGHING OR SOMETHING. AND THEN HE BUSHUANG, BUT WTF. DAMN FUNNY. LOOOOOL.

okay, calm down. xD
go to macs~ eat~ talk~ complain~
haha, didn't eat with weiqing, yunlum, kueirong and zhengyang for a very long time.
then went to leisure, moaned about how we couldn't afford the Zannesa magazine!
anddd homed.

joy went home. so now we have a new maid, called mary. ._.
she seems nice, but i don't really have a clue. haven't talked to her yet.
okaaaaay, i go stone somemore.
byebye blog. :D
oh my god. amandatan's godly tensai skillzx has left the building.
i repeat once again, amandatan's skillzx has left the building.
well yeah, i failed three subjects out of the five given back today.
chinese, fail. geog, fail. amath, fail. emath, pass. chem, pass.

got back chem first, so was kinda happy that i passed, since i always failed chem.
then elective geog came like a sledgehammer. apparently, i'm the only one in 303 who failed e geog.
i still remember after the exam, zhaoming walked out and said, "ohmygod, this exam so easy. you wanna fail also cannot." well, i proved him wrong i guess.
embarassed myself by crying in the hall. D: damnit. last time i wonder why people cry and emo over their exams, now i know why.
recess was spent in the hall because a certain someone took up 40 minutes asking about their paper. :S
was late to the math thing. got back emath first, quite happy with paper 1. then paper 2, still okay.
so when i got back amath, kinda prepared for it. so nvm.
then i go disturb 304. wtf, bryan own me in everything. D:
junwee blame me for his amath. D: and i really believed, till sally told me at the end of the day. D:
then i go find 302 people, liyin emo because her emath got 60 plus. wtf. -.-
/edit
oops, my bad. she got a c5 or a c6. dunno which one. lalala.
then, boonbin laugh at my hair. -.- so i emo.
errrr, go lunch. played daidi. got my mind off things! :D
then got back chinese. wtf. okay, foolaoshi mark like damn strict.
ying yong wen, 8.5/20. compo, 25/70. paper 2, 60/110.
i can go bang the wall already wtf. i mug for this EOY and they gimme these kinda jiao results.
altogether, i cried around 3 times today. i'm becoming way too sensitive for my own good.
i want the old me back, where i wouldn't care what the heck i got.

ate chicken rice where quite a lot of things happened but i'm too lazy to blog about them.
walked to macs, saw yunlum and jasmin. talked for awhile.
sally and chaohsien came to my house to watch Evan Almighty lol.
they left. i ate dinner, and i'm blogging now.

i feel all profound, and i'm bursting with things to type out.
but yet i don't want to be judged by what i say. contradicting, contradicting.
if it really has to be this way, i guess i can do nothing but accept it.
of course, life isn't for us to dictate, we can't just say, "HEY, i don't like this, so i'm going to change it." all the time. there has to be times where you just have to shut up and accept things the way they are.
some might say this is the attitude of a pessimist, or defeatist, whether there is such a word i'm not certain, but however you try to spin the tale, the thing is that you really can't do anything about some things in life.
you might be pissed off, you might be devastated, but once again, there is nothing you can do to change these facts. it's sewn into the intricate weavings of time and implanted into our memories like a stubborn stain.
and now i come to a conlusion that has totally no link with the previous sentences; life sucks, big time.
yoyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyyo. i slept 9 hours. :S dunno whether's that a lot, or a little, or just nice! but i slept at 1 yesterday yaaaay. >D
anywaaaay, yesterday was supposedly the tour singapore day!
but amandatan was too lazy to go to JP at 10 in the morning so i stone at home and read my sexaye manga.
lalalala, when they left JP they called me, and i was supposed to zoomzoom to clementi MRT.
buddenbudden, i zoomed too slow. D: then xinyun was asking me to RUN there so i didddd and i looked super kuku running all over the place. D:

so, went to marina square to see Balls of Furrrrryyyyyyyy.
before that we stone for quite awhile, cause we reached too early! :S
walked around trying to find the cold storage, chao scam us lol.
then wanted to go find 7-11, cannot find. T____T
so off to GV we go, where we got assaulted by this super strong paint smell before entering the theatre.
but it's okaay, cause Balls of Fury was SUPERRRRR funny.
there were quotes like,

"I'M GOING TO SAVE THE PANDA. -runs away- ... -runs back- That panda's dead."
"A true ping pong master is aware of his surroundings at all times." -falls in the huge hole-
"Ping pong, or as the Chinese say, ping pong."
"Randy, i'm trying to sacrifice my life for our love! Stop being such a dick."
"LINGLING, I'M NOT LEAVING WITHOUT YOU. -lifts and puts down the obviously fake panda which makes a hollow thud- The panda's too big."

it was super funny can. xD if possible, i think i wanna see the movie again!
once, people return my money that is. :S
gosh, after that we went to stone. and amandatanthepro went to persuade people to come to the bbq thing.
i rawkzxorzx. :D
thennn, stoned at the food court at marina square for awhile.
i tell you people, don't ever eat the bacon claypot rice there. it sucks big time.
it scammed my 4.50. D: it was totally overcooked and tasted like crap.
so i only ate less than half a plate, since it tasted like crap and everyone was like AMANDA GOGOGOGO.
so GO. go to pasir ris. play one game of arcade, then go buy food and stuff in Cheers.
jiahao, sean, junwee and yongle came after awhile.

zoomzoom, go to pasir ris park to set up bbq. found an empty bbq pit which we used. :X
set up everything, realised no lighter, so waited for xinyun's mother to come with a lighter.
then everyone went their own way. like, some went to arcade, some went to stone at a bench.
after awhile, nicky, klinsen and bry0n cameee woo! so did xinyun's mama.
so after asking jiahao, yongle and sean to go back the bbq pit to say hi to xinyun's mother, amandatantheeffingpro set up the fire all on her own cause i dunno where everyone run to.
turns out the sean, jiahao and yongle went to arcade also, to find junwee i guess.
then after setting up the fire, i think sally and chao returned.
then i went to stone at a bench. yongle called, then said that not gonna eat with us. that they were gonna eat at the food court or something. which was quite dumb, since the whole plan of the bbq was to eat food together and have fun and stuff. then they say what, too little food at the bbq thing. i almost cried when i heard that they not coming back la. why they whole day pangseh. D: smack them.
so stone awhile more and chaypioh and jasmine came i think.
chaypioh and jasmine came to pei wo. :D
talked about 303 chalet, i think might not be a success. :S

it's like, whatever activity we plan, confirm everyone will break off into their own little group then don't wanna participate.
and they say we shouldn't have xbox in the room, cause would cause the class to separate, but if no xbox, then what we do?! D:
then talking about escape, too sian.
wild wild wet, not everyone will swim. i'm sure the girls and guys won't mix during swimming also.
bbq? what if it turned out like yesterday? D:

gosh, thinking too much. anyway, talked for quite long, then chaypioh and jasmine decided to leave, cause they didn't want to eat the bbq food. so i gave them both one satay!
wanted to find ian, so i wandered around alone, trying to find him. T_T the park damn scary can.
at night right, your mind starts playing dirty tricks on you and you think that what isn't actually is and then a normal, innocent signboard looks like some ghostly figure standing way out in the dark. T_T
sooo, i dunno how ian cyclecycle until he can miss the bridge. :S but he said he know where he's cycling already, so i walked back to bbq pit.
sent jasmine and chaypioh to the bridge! :D finally saw ian, woo, he didn't get lost. lol.
so chatted for awhile, originally wanted to walk all the way to the wild wild wet area, budden in the end nicky and chao came to escort me back! so i couldn't disappoint them. :D
said byebye to ian then we all go back and stone at a bench again.

gossiped! :O then they keep talking about bio/geog/whatevertopicwhichiforgot. :O
farny, talk quite a lot. then in the end everyone say wanna walk the maze~ so go walk maze~
then nicky and i lag behind! cause we two gossip a lot. ._. gosh, gossip mongers we are.
talked mainly about ____ and ____, and about how they hankypanky! LOL. and then talked about past things.
the maze noob, ._. walked a bit then got out already.

errrr, walked back to the entrance place, gossip again. tlaktalktalktalktalktalktalk.
stoned at the bus stop for like 10 minutes? then realised no bus. cause last bus was at 10. D:
so we all walk to mrt station! walkwalkwalk.
buy drink, take mrt. talktalktalk.
talktalktalktalk, talk to clementi.
then we both took taxi home!

ahhhh, reached home. got scolded by mom for coming home one hour late. :s
she said i was lucky that the door was open for me tonight. :s
ahh, next time i'mma gonna duplicate the keys. >D
errrrr, i dunno what else. it seems that yesterday was emo-festival. D:

xinyunnnnnnnnnn. your feet hao le ma?
don't be saddddd, it was okay! and at least you got to come play with us and stuff right? :D
don't dwell on the bad things, think about the positive side of life kay.
it's always you who is cheering me up, so now i'm cheering you up okaaay! or at least, trying to.
you must remember that your friends are seriously always there for you. no matter how alone you seem, there are definitely people behind you that will support you when you need it the most.

anddd, jing, i wanna apologise. D:
sorry jingggggg. i don't know how to put it in words. D:
i apologise to you more sincerely tomorrow!

okay, amanda go eat breakfast already. cause she didn't eat anything at the bbq yesterday. lol.
HAHA, FIRST TIME AMANDA DIDN'T DIE AT ALL IN A DOTA MATCH. WOOO, I MEAN, I ALMOST DIED MANYMANY TIMES BUT IT'S EITHER I WAS SUPER LUCKY OR PEOPLE GIVE CHANCE THEN I WAS THE ONLY ONE WHO NEVER DIEEE AND I GOT A DOMINATING STREAK OKAY YOU WANNA KNOW MY THEORY ON WHY I OWNED? I THINK IT'S CAUSE MY IGN WAS RIBENA! AND MY COLOUR WAS PURPLEEE AND YOU KNOW RIBENA IS PURPLE THREFORE THAT'S WHY I OWNED HAHAHA. I TELL YOU, I DAMN HYPER, MY DROW DIDN'T DIE AT ALLL<3
OHKAAAAY. back from badminton!
played badminton at clementi sports hall withhhh kueirong, zhengyang, jacky, jack, chunyung, yuanyi and liyin! from 1-5. we're healthy kids. :D
we spend money on exercising hohoho.
omgoose, played until my hand damn pain. i can barely lift my right hand now. T_T
i'mma such a weakling. D: shame on me!

haha, nothing to say ba. so i'll make this a short post.
tomorrow is the whole "tour singapore" thing. byebye my money. T_T
people who owe me money, please return. it's times like this when i regret lending people money. T_T
klinsen, you owe me 6 bucks since damn long ago. i'mma gonna ask for interest soon. D:

zoomzoomzoom i'm broke, money problems suck. andddd i feel lazy.
anddddd, i mean, aiya i have no idea what i'm trying to say.

byebye blog. :D
went to sally's house today!
met kueirong at clementi at around 1!
bought a comic, cause i thought that he would be late, and i didn't wanna be standing there like a kuku. :O LOL.
turns out he earlier than me. ._> cause i couldn't decide which comic to buy.
boooo, talked all the way to outram park! then chao, sally, xinyun were.
so we went to the bus stop to fetch the duapai zhengyang.
ontheway found out that both chao and xinyun brought chocolate for meh to eat! :D
xinyun was nicenicenicenicenicenice and brought some chocolate in a heart shaped tin, some cadbury chocolate and ferrero rocher! the easy to eat kind.
andddd chao gave me a whole box of the andes mint chocolate! which is so effing niceeee to eat! :D
if there's one thing i like more than chocolate, it's mint. and if there's one thing that i like more than mint, it's mint chocolate! :DD

lalalala, went to sally's house. jaywalked in front of the police station LOLLLL.
i camped in front of the comp the whole day! :D
the other spam kungfuchaos, soulcalibur, halo? and mahjong, i spam sudeki and online games. :D
HOH, i think sudeki's really fun! i playedplayedplayedplayed and the skills are funnnnn.
i don't think i'll ever get to play it on my comp though, too lag. :s
hahahhaa, i play halfway then sudeki hanged. D:
and my game wasn't saved. raaawr, so nvm, i go play miniclip!
sushi-go-round lmfao. california = one rice, one seaweed thing, one roe. :O
ahhhh, spamspamspam. detective game hoo!
and i have good hearing, i could hear the pizzahut man spamming knocks. :O

zoomzoom, at the end we spam songs! chaohsien sung agaaaaaain.
then kueirong and i sang!
fine lor, chaohsien despise. when we sing, he go listen to his own music. don't wanna hear us sing. D:
raaawr, zhengyang sang and then sangsangsang, go home.

HOH, busybusybusy, exams are over and it's time to PARTEH.
AIYAAAA WTFFF, WHY I GO CUT MY HAIR. WHY. WHYWHYWHYWHYWHY.
ah damnit, no mood to blog. -.-

summary of yesterday.
la bi xiao xing zanpaktou thing which i dunno how to spell and i don't care how it's spelt.
bio do one hour sleep.
tio scam by people about bowling.
go junwee house spam.
indentify through sandals.
spam phoone call.
sally stole his shoe.
junwee was bathing.
played twinkletwinkle little star on junwee's window.
junwee got angry.
go buy doughtnut.
go macs.
talk to sec2 bryan, he owes me a present.
wanted to go JP watch movie.
no movie to watch, so go popular buy stuff.
present for ehem, ehem and ehem.
card for ehem and ehem.
go kfc buy mountain dew stone.
we are aixingdashi.
wanted to go tampines after that cause too effing bored.
in the end go sally's house.
keep waving to security camera.
help lotsa people.
rewatched bleach movie.
chaohsien sang a song.
whoopdeedoo.

today 7 people go chop hair at clippers altogether.
at first thought my hair was okay, but thanks to the comments of some people, then, yeah.
i'm not gonna speak to them anymore. D: dumb people.
aiya. dunno la. just walk around far east.
then go sally's house again.
tomorrow going bbq.
gonna wear cap for whole duration i think.
shall bring torchlight. :S

ahh, okay byebye blog.
i go moan over my hair.

/edit
finally, demonoid's back up. i can download my movies again yay.

/editedit
no more bbq. jiahao don't wanna go then yongle don't wanna go which is dumb since they are the organisers and i dunno la they whole day pangseh they good i tell you. D:
was told that i should blame myself for my haircut. so i did. and i felt farking bad. cause my hair was farking idiotic. so i tried to make myself better with chocolate. since chocolate solves everything. and guess what, there was no chocolate in my house. only that bouquet of ferrero rocher from the midautumn festival which i didn't bear to eat cause it was too pretty budden i was desperate for chocolate so i realised i had to sacrifice the prettyness and eat the damn chocolate. but once again my plans were foiled when i found out that you couldn't just pluck out the ferroro rocher from the bundle, you had to unwrap it and peel off the sticky double sided tape and then peel off even more tape and then remove that wrappy thing and peel off more tape. that took me around 10 minutes to figure out. and that was 10 more minutes of blaming myself. so i finally got out one ferrero rocher and then I ATE IT, oh yes i did. i ate the chocolate. felt better, but only mariginally. and then i got too fed up with attempting to pluck out its brothers/sisters. so put the bundle back and here i am editing this blog post.
RESPIRATIONNNNNNNNNNNN DAMNJOOOOO.


WTF is respiration?
-oxidation of food to release energy in LIVING cells.


WHY do living organisms respire?
-cause they noob. okay kidding, they need to get energy to maintain itself to move, excrete, grow and reproduce.


WHO respires?
-small organisms, unicelluar stuff.
-large organisms like fish.
-humans.
-plants.


HOW do organisms obtain enough oxygen for aerobic respiration?
-through gaseous exchange.
-between organism and environment.
-occurs in lungs.
-includes breathing. (muscular contractions and movement of the ribs)


Aerobic Respiration is?
-breakdown of food using oxygen.
~large amount of energy is released.
-waste products = CO2 and H2O.
GLUCOSE + OXYGEN -> CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER + LARGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY.
-occurs in mitochondria.
-many reactions involved.
-animals and green plants respire aerobically.


Then whatto about Anaerobic Respiration?
-breakdown of food with NO oxygen.
~small amount of energy released.
GLUCOSE -> CARBON DIOXIDE + ETHANOL (FERMENTATION) + SMALL AMOUNT OF ENERGY.
-less energy yield.
-occurs in microorganisms, yeast.
-glucose molecules partially broken down.
-ethanol still converts energy.

in muscles,
-muscles cells carry out aerobic respiration first.
-people take in more oxygen.
-heart beats faster to bring more oxygen to muscles.
-muscle cells carry out anaerobic respiration to produce extra energy.
GLUCOSE-> LACTIC ACID + SMALL AMOUNT OF ENERGY.
-lactic acid builds up. (oxygen debt)
-lactic acid removed from muscles and transported to liver.
-some oxidized to produce energy, remaining all converted to glucose.

in yeast,
-respire anaerobically without oxygen. (alcoholic fermentation)
-releases ethanol and carbon dioxide.
-makes wines and beers.
-used in baking as leavening agent.


Some uses of energy;
-synthesis of proteins from amino acids.
-building up of protoplasm for growth.
-cell division.
-heartbeat.
-respiratory movements and other muscular contractions.
-active transport.
-transmission of nervous impulses.
-heat released during respiration is needed to keep us warm.


Tissue respiration;
-oxidation of organic food molecules.
-gives out energy, carbon dioxide and water.
-occurs within living cells.


Gaseous exchange in animals;
-unicellar.
~large SA:V ratio.
~diffusion through cell membrane. (mode of gaseous exchange)
-large organisms.
~small SA:V ratio.
~thickened external surface.
~breathe through special organs (ie. gills for fish.)
~special breathing movements as well.


Breathing Mechanisms;
-consists of 2 phases.
~taking in of air. (inspiration)
~giving out of air. (expiration)


Gaseous exhange in green plants;
-simple diffusion.
-layer of waterproof cork tissue develops beneat the epidermis in old woody stem.
-opening (lenticels) are formed in cork layer for gaseous exhange.


respiration system! nice picture. >D

Pathway of air molecules;
-external nostrils lead into two nasal passages lined with moist mucous membrane.
-advantages of breathing through nose.
~dust and foreign particles are trapped by hairs in nostrils and mucus.
~air is warmed and moistened before entering lungs.
~harmful chemicals are detected by small sensory cells.
-air enters the pharynx and into the larynx before entering the trachea through the glottis.

Features of air passages;
-trachea and bronchi lined by epithelium bearing cillia.
-gland cells secrete mucus to trap dust particles and bacteria.
-cillia sweep particles. (swallowed into oesophagus)

Adaptations of alveoli for efficient gaseous exchange;
-large SA.
-one cell thick (faster rate of diffusion)
-thin film of moisture covering surface. (allows oxygen to dissolve)
-walls are richly supplied with blood capillaries. (flow of blood maintains concentration of gases)


Intercostal muscles;
-external and internal intercostal muscles are found between ribs.
-antagonistic. (explained what's that in the digestive part. :S)


Inspiration;
-diaphragm contracts and flattens.
-external intercostal muscles contract while internal intercostal muscles relax.
-ribs and sternum move upwards and outwards.
-air pressure in lungs causes expansion to fill up thorax.
-air pressure inside lungs decrease.
-atmospheric pressure is now higher.
-air rushes into lungs.


Expiration;
-diaphragm relaxes and arches upwards.
-external intercostal muscles relax while internal intercostal muscles contract.
-ribs and sternum move downwards and inwards.
-volume of thorax decreases.
-lungs are compressed and air pressure inside increases as volume decreases.
-atmospheric pressure lower.
-air is forced out to exterior.


Diaphragm;
-dome-shaped muscle separating thorax from abdomen.
-helps vary volume of thorax.


Thorax;
-supported by ribs.
-which are attached dorsally to backbone and can move up or down.
-ribs attached ventrally to chest bone.


Lungs;
-lined by two transparent elastic membranes called the pleura.
-lubricating fluid allows membranes to slide over each other easily during breathing.


Bronchi;
-trachea divides into two bronchi.
-each bronchus ends in bronchioles which end in air sacs or alveoli.


Trachea;
-lies in front of oesophagus.
-extends from larynx into chest.
-supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage.


Gaseous exchange in alveoli;
-by diffusion.
-concenration gradient between blood and alveolar air.
-gradient maintained by,
~continuous flow of blood through capillaries.
~breathing air in and out of the alveoli.
-alveolar air --oxygen--> blood capillaries.
-alveolar air <-carbon dioxide-- blood capillaries. -one cell thick membrane separating capillaries from alveolar air is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide. -alveolar air contains higher concenration of oxygen. -oxygen dissolves in moisture lining alveolar walls and then diffuses into capillaries. Vital Capacity = tidal air + complemental air +supplement air.


What is the stimulus for breathing?
-high concentration of CO2 in the blood or alveolar air, not lack of oxygen.


Chronic bronchitis;
-long term.
-caused by irritant particles.
-signs include paralysed cilla, blocked airways, persistent coughing, inflamed epithelium, excessive mucus.


How oxygen is absorbed in lungs;
-oxygen combines with haemoglobin in the RBCs to form oxyhaemoglobin.


Removal of CO2 from body;
-tissue cells produce CO2. (catalysed by carbonic anhydrase to form carbonic acid in RBC)
-carbonic acid coverted into hydrogencarbonate ions which difuse out of RBC.
-in lungs, ions diffuse into RBC and are converted into carbonic acid, then water + CO2.
-diffuses out of capillaries into alveoli and expelled during exhalation.


Emphysema;
-caused by persistent and violent coughing.
-signs include broke partition walls between air sacs and difficulty in breathing.
-when a person has chronic bronchitis and emphysema, he suffers from chronic obstructive lung disease.


Comparison between respiration and photosynthesis;
-respiration;
~energy is liberated.
~oxygen is used and CO2+water given off.
~a catabolic (destructive) process.
~occurs at all times in all cells.
~results in a loss of dry mass.
-photosynthesis;
~energy is stored in carbohydrate molecule.
~CO2+water are used while oxygen is given off.
~anabolic (constructive) process.
~only occurs in cells containing chlorophyll and in the presence of sunlight.
~results in a gain of dry mass.

DONE WITH RESPIRATION YAY.
okaaay. been mugging at macs for the past two days! :D
quite okay, lol. yesterday we saw two lesbians at macs. :S they sat beside us lol.
today we sawwww lingrongchan and mrchia! they marking papers. :S
anddd i forgot to bring my file home lmfao, luckily lingrongchan came running up to us with my file. :D
errrrm, geog i dai. physics i sleep for one hour. i think i no hope. :D okaybyebye.

i'm supposed to do human digestive system anddd respiration notes!
sally's supposed to excretion and cells.
klinsen's gonna do transport in humans and osmosis andddd diffusion. :O
chiong finish now then can dota later yay. >D

so, starto!

Human Digestive System.

Mechanical/Physical Digestion;
-physically breaking down the food.
-takes place in mouth(chewing), and stomach (churning of food by stomach walls)

Chemical Digestion;
-use enzymes to break down food substances into their simplest form.
~starch --amylase-> maltose.

Why must food be digested?
-large molecules too fat. can't pass through cell membrane.
-must go on diet, become small molecule. then can diffuse through.

Mouth;
-food is ingested here.
-mechanical digestion occurs (chewing)
-chemical digestion also occurs in mouth.
~salivary amylase turns starch into maltose.
-saliva (pH7) contains water, mucus and salivary amylase.
~softens and moistens the food.
-tongue mixes the food with the saliva and rolls the food into a bolus before swallowing.
-teeth masticates (chews) food into small pieces to increase SA for digestion

Oesophagus;
-minimal digestion.
-carries food by peristalsis.
-has circular and longitudinal muscles which are antagonistic.
~when circular muscles contract, longitudinal muscles relax and vice-versa.

Peristalsis;
-enables food to be mixed with the digestive juices.
-moves the food along the gut.
-gravity and slippery mucous lining helps push food down too.

picture!

Stomach;
-stores food temporarily.
-stomach muscles churns and mixes food with gastric juice to form CHYME. (also by peristalsis)
-gastric juice contains HCl and enzymes like rennin and pepsin. (protease)
~HCl is super acidic, thus it kills all the bacteria inside as well as stopping the action of salivary amylase.
~provides acidic medium for gastric enzymes to work.
-only protein digestion here.
-"guarded" by sphincter muscles which control the amount of food entering and leaving the stomach.

Small Intestine;
-divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
~duodenum does most of the digestion. ileum more of absorption.
~ileum is long and coiled to provide neough chyme for absorption.
-in the SI, chyme stimulates;
1. pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice which has pancreatic amylase and digests starch.
2. gall bladder to secrete bile which emulsifies fats.
3. intestinal glands to secrete intestinal juice.
-all three juics secreted are alkaline, pH 8.5.
-pancreatic and intestinal juice contain many digestive enzymes.
-bile does not contain enzymes. it emulsifies fats, increasing SA for lipase action.

Large Intestine (Colon);
-large inverted U shaped tube.
-bo digestion.
-absorption of water and mineral salts nia.
-stores faeces.

Rectum;
temporarily stores faeces.

Anus;
egests faeces.

Gall Bladder;
-temporarily stores bile which is secreted by liver.
-it starts secreting bile in the presence of CHYME.
-bile breaks up the fat fat (LOL) droplets into small fat droplets.
~increases SA for lipase action.
~not enzyme, so not affected by temp.

Pancreas;
-connects to small intestine by pancreatic duct.
-produces pancreatic juice.
-secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon. (glucose -> glycogen thing)

Liver;
-produces bile.
-regulates the blood glucose concentration.
-iron storage.
~red blood cells destroyed in spleen, haemoglobin sent to liver, broken down. iron released and stored in liver.
-protein synthesis.
~synthesizes proteins found in blood plasma. (fibrinogen)
-deanimation of amino acids.
~excess amino acids are transported to liver where their amino groups are removed and converted to urea.
-detoxification.
~liver cells contain alocohol dehydrogenase to break down alcohol.
~alcohol bad. stimulates acid secretion in the stomach, then increases risk of gastric ulcer.
~might lead to liver cirrhosis. (destruction of liver cells)
-heat production.
~how we maintain body temperature.

Adaptation of the SI for absorption;
-veryvery long.
-has many folds.
-on these folds, have finger-like projections called villi.
-all these increase SA for absorption.

Villus;
-one cell thick epithelium for efficient absorption of food particles.
-lacteal, where fatty acids and glycerol recombine in the epithelium to form fat which then enters the lacteal as fine fat droplets.
-blood capillaries, transport sugar and amino acids away from the SI.
-this continual transport maintains the concentration gradient for the absorption of digested food substances.
~concentration of simple nutrients is higher in the SI than in the capillaries that pass through the villi.
~thus nutrients diffuse across a region of high concentration to lower concentration.
~absorption by active transport also possible.
~blood capillaries in SI unite! form larger blood vessels that unite! and become hepatic portal vein.
~hepatic portal vein transport the nutrients to the liver.

Glucose;
-used as a source of enegy.
-excess glucose returned to liver and stored as glycogen.
-insulin converts glucose to glycogen.
-glycogen converted back into glucose by glucagon.

Amino Acids;
-converted into new protoplasm that is used for growth and repair.
-form enzymes and hormones.
-excess deanimated by liver.
Chapter 5: Case Study - Deforestation in Kalimantan, Indonesia.

What is Deforestation?
-permanent clearing and destruction of forests.
-due to human activities
-forests removed to create land

Causes of Deforestation in Kalimantan.
-increase in demand for agricultural landuse.

• population increase
• new settlers who grow crops in small holdsings
• plantation companies -> oil palm commonly cultivated -> cheap to grow and highly profitable

-growth of settlements.

• urbanisation -> growth of BALIKPAPAN HOO~

-improved transport networks.

• roads and railways built to link settlements -> trans-kalimantan highway
• allow access to previously remote forested areas which also makes it easier for people to destroy, lmfao, dumbasses.

-growth of industries.

• logging, illegal duh.
• mining which affects quality of water
• mainly industrial activities

-forest fires.

• some are delibrate, cause plantation companies cheapskate, then they just start forest fires instead of employing labourers to clear the land

Problems Caused by Deforestation in Kalimantan

-loss in biomass

• biomass = combined weight of all organisms which is measured in terms of kilocalories of stored energy. -> important because it represents the ability of Earth to support life.
• less biomass -> less nutrients in forest ecosystem -> reduces the ability of rainforests to support plants

-loss of biodiversity

• biodiversity = the diverse range of plants and animals.
• due to deforestation, biodiversity is reduced which leads to extinction of species.

-changes in the nutrient cycle

• removal of vegetation results in the loss of leaf litter.
• soils are leached, absorption of rainwater is reduced.
• soil becomes infertile and cannot support vegetation growth.
• very little of the original vegetation can be replaced, land insuitable for cultivation of crops.

-changes in quantity of water

• less transpiration takes place -> low rainfall -> droughts or prolonged dry seasons.
• floods can be triggered by deforestation.

-changes in quality of water

• soil eroded -> washed into nearby river -> increases sediment level of river.
• changes pH level of the water, becomes acidic.

-air pollution

• dust and smoke released into the air
• huge forest fire leads to haze -> health problems such as eye, nose and throat irritations, coughs, headaches and throat infections.

Managing the Rainforests in Kalimantan.

-The Ministry of Forestry (MOF)

• responsible for ensuring a balance between generating income and protecting the forests -> issue license to timber companies to allow them to log in specific areas
• not enough to control deforestation

-Community Involvement

• MoF involves local people. example; local governments, native people and villagers.
• local governments are required by law to manage the forests that are found in their area.
• empowers the local governments to enforce the laws regarding forest use.

-Sustainable Management

• refers to the careful use of resources, such as forests, to allow people to continue to use them in the future
• many policies formed: afforestation, reforestation, controlled logging, conservation measures and forest fire control measures.

Policy 1: Afforestion and reforestation

• afforestation: planting of trees on areas that were originally not covered with forests. -> carried out on agricultural lands that had been abandoned by farmers.
• reforestation: planting of trees in formerly forested areas cleared by logging.
• involves participation and cooperation of people such as local people and timber companies.
• timber companies are required to replant and retain at least 25 commericially valuable trees per hectare in areas they have logged -> have to pay reforestation fees too.
• teak trees commonly planted for afforestation + reforestation -> commercially valuable + fast growing
• some parts where there is active particpation from local people, significant restorations made possible
• rate of replantation slower than the rate of clearing -> incentives given to local people not attractive
• since only teak trees planted, original biodiversity gone.

Policy 2: Controlled logging

• involves careful management of forests that are being logged -> uses measures like law enforcement (fines and imprisonment), education and research programmes.
• selective cutting encouraged.
• common way = clear cutting (wastage and great damage)
• selective cutting enables forests to regenerate.
• minimises soil erosion.
• difficult to monitor logging and detect illegal logging -> lack of manpower and the remoteness of forested areas.
• when trees are selectively removed, still might affect neighbouring trees. (fall on them)

Policy 3: Conservation

• conservation = careful use of resources to protect them from destruction.
• forests set aside as nature reserves.
• betung kenhun nature reserve -> working closely with the WWF to increase protected areas and manage the reserve sustainably.
• illegal logging still detected in nature reserves -> hard to detec due to the vastness of the nature reserve.

Policy 4: Controlling forest fires

• forest fires major cause of deforestation and air pollution.
• Integrated Forest Fire Protection System. (1994)
• National Fire Management Plan. (1999)
• government conducted annual forest fire awareness campaigns -<>
• plantations continue to burn forests because it's the cheapest way.
• farmers used to traditional farming methods (burning) inherited from past generations.

yoyoyoyo,
back from sally's house! :D
didn't study omfg. i dai already. D:
lucky tomorrow emath2, chinese, can't really study.
i tell you, tomorrow must pia geog+physics together. which basically is asking for trouble, cause my brain can't hold that much information at once. D:

ohhhh, andandand started on the OC dance with jane! :s
seems quite fun hahaha. makes me kinda miss hiphop. gosh. :/
ahhh, no time to blog. amanda must go mug. T_T
byebye! blame my short posts on the dumb exams. :O

SUBTLEWORDPLAY@BS.COM

Hi I'm not AT


Lol'd

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It's time to break out, live loud.
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Major, major editing: Yours Truly